郑州新航道：结构化阅读——托福阅读

  顾名思义，就是结构化阅读即从托福阅读结构出发，从整体着眼纵观全文，不再为小词小句伤脑，而是把握全文的框架，这样有利于形成思维预判，增强学生做题信心。

  我们先来一起探寻托福阅读本身的奥秘，托福文章由初级的词汇题到总结题，信息归纳题等10个不同的题型其实正是对应了从单词、句子、段落到篇章不同级别的难度要求，对学生的能力要求也是逐级递增的。学习了托福阅读本身的出题特点后可以鲜明的推断出其结构性强，学术型强的特点。

  结构化的文章凸显了可预测的特点，而学术表达的需求正是通过文章结构衍生出的。结合TPO阅读真题对比分析后大致可以将托福阅读文章分成六大基本类别：研究描述类、研究叙述类、对比类、现象解释类、问题解决类以及观点论证类。具体的TPO对应分类如下：

  ★研究描述：研究对象→方面1/方面2

  Reflection in Teaching

  •Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

  •Children and Advertising

  •A Warm Blooded Turtle

  •Spartina

  •Energy and the Industrial Revolution

  •Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth Century

  •The Empire of Alexander the Great

  •Wind pollination

  •Roman Cultural Influence on Britain

  ★研究叙述：研究对象阶段1→阶段2

  •Early Cinema

  •Powering the Industrial Revolution

  •The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

  •Transition to Sound in Film

  •Development of the Periodic Table

  •Succession Climax and Ecosystems

  •The History of Waterpower

  •VIslamic Art and the Book

  •The Development of Steam Power

  •Ancient Athens

  •The Origins of Writing

  ★对比分类：研究对象→分类1/分类2

  •Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

  •Ancient Rome and Greece

  •Water in the Desert

  •Types of Social Groups

  •Planets in Our Solar System

  •Animal Signals in the Rain Forest

  •Symbiotic Relationships

  •Fossil Preservation

  •Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes

  •Plant Colonization

  •Callisto and Ganymede

  •Feeding Strategies in the Ocean

  ★现象解释：研究对象→解释1/解释2

  •Desert Formation

  •The Cambrian Explosion

  •Infantile Amnesia

  •The Rise of Teotihuacán

  •Variations in the Climate

  •Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth

  •Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia

  •Lightning

  •Westward Migration

  •Autobiographical Memory

  •Competition

  •Savanna Formation

  •Siam 1851–1910

  •Latitude and Biodiversity

  •Explaining Dinosaur Extinction

  •Chinese Population Growth

  •Climate and Urban Development

  ★问题解决：解决困难→方法1/方法2

  •Petroleum Resources

  •Methods of Studying Infant Perception

  ★观点论证：观点看法→证据1/证据2

  •The Origins of Theater

  •The Origins of Cetaceans

  •The Geologic History of the Mediterranean

  •Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast

  •Begging by Nestlings

  V Orientation and Navigation

  •Which Hand Did They Use

  •Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia

  •Mass Extinctions

  •The Origins of Agriculture

  •Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East

  •Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations

  •Protection of Plants by Insects

  •Trade and Early State Formation

  •The Origin of Petroleum

  •Ecosystem Diversity and Stability