英语是拼音文字,所有的词汇都是由26个字母拼出来的,而在成千上万的不同拼法中,基本发音因素却只有39-47个,这说明26个字母与基本音素间是有着一定的关联的。
1.多音节单词和复合词(Words with multiple syllables and compound words)
^多音节单词:believe,multiple,syllable,compound
^复合词:homework,highway,sidewalk,inside,outside
2.双元音单词拼读(Two Vowel Words):
一个单词或音节里有两个元音时,一般来说,前边一个元音发长音(其字母音),后边一个元音不发音.
如:make,mail,may,hay,say,see,sea,meet,meat,key,five,nine,tie,road,coat,toe,cute等等.
3.单元音单词拼读(Consonant-Vowel-Consonant Combinations)
如果一个英语单词或音节里只有一个元音,且元音不在末尾,这个元音一般发短音.
如:Sam,cat,mat,等等.
^Beginning Consonants
^Ending Consonants
^One Vowel Word,Short Vowel Sounds
4.二十六个字母的读音(Letter Sounds).
^五个元音字母(a,e,i,o,u),每个发两种音:长音(其字母音)和短音
^y不在单词开头时,一般被看做元音
5.双/三辅音在一起时的联读(Consonant Blends)
^Beginning consonant blends(bl,br,cl,cr,dr,fl,fr,gl,fr,pl,pr,sc,sk,sl,sm,sn,sp,st,sw,tr,tw,scr,spl,str)
^Ending consonant blends(ft,lf,lm,lp,lt,mp,nd,nk,nt,pt,sk,st)
^Words ending in ll,ss,ff
^Consonant digraphs(ch,th,sh,wh)
6.特殊读法(1)–辅音的特殊读法
^有一些辅音不发音(silent consonants).
u Silent b:comb,lamb
u Silent h:ghost
u Silent k:knife,knock,knob,know…
u Silent w:write,wrist,wreck…
^"c"和"k"在一起时,发一个音:quick,black等.
^"q"总是和"u"在一起:quite,quick,quit,quilt等.
之所以指出这一点,是在这里u不能再被认为是元音,而是和q一起组成一个辅音组合.于是,在quite这个单词里只有两个元音,是双元音单词,*个元音i发字母音,第二个元音e不发音.
^"p"和"h"在一起,发/f/的音:phone,photo.
^复数s及末尾s的读音(Plural s and the sounds of ending s)
^c和g的两种读音:
u如果i(或y)或者e跟在c或者g的后边,c发/s/,g发/j/的音:center,cigar,nice,mice,gem,giant,gym,page.
u其他情况下,c发/k/,g发/g/:can,clap,cup,great,glad,got,goat,log.
u特殊情况:get,give
7.特殊读法(2)–带元音的特殊读法(Irregular Vowels)
igh,ing,ind,ild,ar,or,oi,oy,alt,alk,ost,old,er,ir,ur,ew,sion,tion,eigh,all,ow,ow,ou,ay,ous,ed,ed(t),ed(d),aw,au,oo,oo
以上字母组合作为整体音节发音。需记住它们所发的音。
Examples:
^ar(car,far),air(hair),are(hare),au,augh(caught),aw(hawk)
al,all(all,tall,mall,hall),alk(talk,walk),alt(halt,salt),ay(may,play)
^ew(new,few),eigh(eight,weight),
ed:
usays/ed/:patted,landed,lifted
usays/t/:walked,hopped,stopped
usays/d/:cried,played,chewed
^er(sister,brother),ir(girl,fir,firm),ur(burn,hurt)
^ie(field),ing(king,sing,dancing),ind(find,kind,behind),ild(mild,wild,child),igh(high,night,light),ire
8.特殊读法(3)
^如果一个单词或音节里只有一个元音,而且元音在末尾,这个元音一般发长音(其字母音)(Vowel at the end).
如:me,hi,go,baby,table,humor,hibernate等等。
^Y在末尾(作为元音处理)(y at the end):
u单音节词,没有其他元音,y发”I”(one syllable word,y at the end(pronounced as“I”)):my,why,fly,sky
u多音节词,y发”E”的音(two or more syllables,y at the end(pronounced as“E”)):daddy,mommy,baby,honey,crazy
^oi(oil,boil),oy(boy,toy),old(old,cold),ost(most,host),olt,
oo(book),oo(tool,school),or(or,for,horn),
ow(读音一:cow,now,how,bow;读音二:bow,low,blow,snow),
ou(shout,out,loud)
ould(could,would),ough(五种不同的读音:cough,through,ought,slough,plough),
ought,,ous(famous,nervous),
^ue(cruel),ui(fluid)
^tion(attention,fiction),sion(passion,expression),
^ending sounds:ang,ong,ung,edge,le
9.特殊读法(4)-固定读音的单词(Sight Word):
^is,are,the,a,to,here,hey,have,son,love,come,give,field……等.它们不遵守前边的发音规则,需要死记硬背。
10.特殊元音(Special Vowel Sounds)
^字母或组合所发音例词
awpaw,law,raw,saw,dawn
allball,call,fall,mall,tall
auhaul,taught,caught,sauce
oucough,bought,brought,thought
^o(后面接ng的时候)song,long,strong,wrong
“broadsound”,比短o音嘴型要小,发音时间长
^a,e,i,o,u非重读音(schwa sound),当一个元音在非重读音节里时,有时会发此类音,非常类似汉语拼音里的e,但发音很轻。about,elephant,banana,machine,confuse
^ce,ci,si,ti在同一个音节里这些字母组合后面接另外一个元音时,发/sh/音ocean,special,mission,nation,delicious,magician
io后面接字母n时,i发y音onion,billion,opinion,stallion